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The Urban Guerilla Concept|Red ARMY FACTION.
Groups that desire a radical transformation of society, often after a period of extreme upheaval, have been around for a long time. But now, they have the Internet. When the leaders of Aum Shinrikyo—a Japanese millenarian cult responsible for the Sarin attack on the Tokyo subway system—were arrested, that organization met its demise.
Another group, Red Army Faction, aimed to create a global dictatorship of the proletariat, and had footprints in several countries, dissertation red army faction. Red Army Faction disappeared in the late s and later published a communiqué announcing its own disbandment after the fall of the Soviet Union. These groups and others like them had varied degrees of state support as proxies in their Cold War competition. What do all of these groups have in common?
They are all violent millenarians: they seek nothing less than to violently dissertation red army faction global society. Millenarian groups the name comes from the Latin millenarius— containing a thousand are found in every religious group or sect and within secular ideologies, dissertation red army faction.
These millenarian groups pursue goals that challenge the existence of a dissertation red army faction order made up of states and the boundaries that demarcate them. The capacity of these groups to pursue anti-systemic goals varies with respect to balances of power in the international system and the capacities of millenarian leaders to engage with potential followers. Violent millenarian groups are a subset of violent extremist organizations VEO. To be a violent millenarian the group must 1 exercise public goals of control outside internationally recognized borders; 2 advance a model of a desired future, a vision of a society transcendent of established Westphalian norms; 3 articulate how this international change can and should be brought about—how to get from a to b ; and 4 maintain flexible membership entry that is not subject to the control of national governments and is not restricted to any nationality, race, or ethnicity.
This is important to policy makers because unlike traditional VEOs, their goals transcend defined recognized boundaries either demarcated states or historical land claims. Therefore, violent millenarian groups will seek refuge globally, are comfortable conflict hopping, and cannot be eliminated by simply consolidating a finite area of occupation. This technological change—and the associated development of inter-connected online communities—enables them to survive military and police assaults that previously ended their existence.
Sincethere have been globally-oriented violent millenarian groups. Using big data content analysis of United Nations security reporting, three disruptions affected violent millenarian group survival.
These disruptions occurred in, and This graph depicts the difference in outcome longevity by era. Two takeaways from the graph are that groups in the first and third era had significantly longer lifespans than those in the middle era. The reasons for this variance come from two master variables: shifts in international norms and access to connective technologySecond, nearly all groups since are still active.
A violent millenarian is placed in each specific era based on the year they enter the Uppsala Conflict Data Program UCDP dataset.
Millenarian groups that entered the UCDP dataset betweenhave lifespans significantly shorter than if they did before or after This difference is explainable. Groups before were useful to state patrons. About percent had support from a state. This relationship boosted survival prospects, leading to longer lifespans. Their use to states fell in after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Only about percent of groups during this time had state support. The overwhelming dominance of the United States between meant neither the United States nor other countries needed to rely on violent proxies to balance their adversaries. This change forced millenarian groups to pursue counter-systemic goals alone. Afterthe United States continued dissertation red army faction dominate the international system, but connective technology—such as social media and mobile internet access—matured to the point of becoming a new survival mechanism.
This advance allowed millenarian groups to maintain their counter-systemic goals, and maintain survivability without external support. Of the 37 millenarian groups to emerge afteronly one has been eliminated. This trend of prolonged survival is concerning to those who seek to contain them.
Most research on these violent groups focuses on the ways in which the wars and conflicts these groups participate in end more so than the termination of the groups themselves. Groups like ISIL have not just outlived their original conflict, but secondary ones as well, dissertation red army faction. A phenomenon coined conflict hopping helps global millenarians accumulate support and resources, dissertation red army faction.
Since these groups have global goals, they are not concerned about the survival of the country in which they fight. These organizations also use social media, internet monitoring, and dark money to form, and manage, satellite groups in other countries, extending their reach and resilience. Since the s, the world has gone through waves of global violencesuch as anarchist assassinations that killed Dissertation red army faction States President McKinley and the assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Ferdinand that ignited World War One.
These waves went through periods of expansion and contraction before eventually dying off. Now the world faces a new wave of violent religious groups that seek to remake the global order.
Unlike their predecessors, contemporary millenarians have new ways to survive. With violent far-right movements becoming more prevalent, the world is likely on the cusp of its next wave of violence.
This new wave is exacerbated by the likely global bipolarity. If the dissertation red army faction trend of greater survivability prevails, the world could see two sustained waves of violence manifesting both concurrently, and indefinitely.
Understanding that millenarian organizations operate through a counterintuitive cost-benefit analysis, and that analysis is dictated by exogenous factors, is important to policy makers focused on countering violent non-state groups. In particular, the stories of ISIL, Aum Shinrikyo, dissertation red army faction, and Red Army Faction suggest an eerie similarity in behavior and actionable conclusions for policy makers: millenarian organizations can survive as long as they maintain message-producing mechanisms.
This idea, although simple, focuses not just on the host dissertation red army faction but also dissertation red army faction unconsolidated neighbors and ideologically compatible entities as well, These ideologically compatible entities used to be primarily nation states, but have increasingly been wealthy individuals or charitable organizations. Many vulnerable states lack a capacity to identify growing millenarian groups outside their borders that may draw resources from their citizens.
Often, states susceptible to external infiltration are embroiled in their own conflicts and have few resources available to counter what officials may perceive as more distant threats. These conditions lead states to a new international focus on consolidation. External meddling—while effective in stopping these groups by controlling technology—has also inadvertently created an environment for these groups to thrive. An example was the environment created after the U.
invasion dissertation red army faction Iraq that left ungoverned spaces ripe for unrest and power struggles. The U. policy to dismantle the Iraqi Army inadvertently sent experienced fighters to find employment elsewhere. While some went to nationalist groups like Jaysh Rijal al-Tariq al-Naqshabandiaothers to went millenarian groups like ISIL, dissertation red army faction. This dispersion made the millenarian ISIL stronger, more quickly than if the army had stayed intact and the fighters had remained otherwise engaged.
The different lies in their ability to be dissertation red army faction. Nationalist groups can be defeated by consolidating the physical area they reside. Millenarian groups have goals that transcend boundaries requiring a much broader, and more complex containment strategy.
External support for millenarian groups was prevalent and critical to foreign policy during the Cold War era. Since the two superpowers were in competition for global influence, the anti-systemic behavior and goals of these groups were less concerning. The two more recent eras, however, have proven to be an environment less accommodating. Present in all eras, states, specifically superpowers, have sought to identify friendly opposition forces as they have mounted challenges to regimes.
Aid to these groups often helps the state advance toward an objective temporarily but ultimately only latently provides survival mechanisms, and subsequently prolonged outcomes, to aided groups. These resources, similar to those provided to groups like Red Army Faction or the Cambodian Khmer Rouge, externally propped up groups that were incapable of surviving on their own.
This support emboldens millenarian groups that survive beyond their utility to their state sponsors. We are on the verge of a test. The geopolitical environment is trending toward bipolarity, while, at the same time, connective technology is becoming even more accessible. As China rises and contests U. reign as hegemon, dissertation red army faction, millenarian organizations will shift their behavior to ensure more positive outcomes.
This has changed recently. Since FebruaryISIL almost entirely shifted away from Uyghur dissertation red army faction and instead promoted a more China neutral message. This shift indicates that ISIL is potentially working to bandwagon with China in a balance against the United States.
Through connective technology, contemporary groups will maintain more autonomy than the millenarian groups in the previous bipolar era. With this, we can expect that relationships between states and counter-systemic groups will reemerge with the exception that, now, the relationship will be more transactional than classical principal-agent dynamics. That is, where Red Army Faction began to dissolve after losing its utility to the state, new era groups will support states only when their short-term goals align.
Further, new era relationships will be finite and sporadic. In other words, millenarian groups will engage in short-term partnerships with the state only until a task is complete and then disassociate after the task is complete. This transactional relationship should not be confused with equality. This new era will make counter-systemic groups even more resilient than they are now.
As long as there is a globally stratified system, there will be violent millenarian groups. Their relative power, behavior, and resilience are dictated by the environment around them. Despite the changing environment, these groups have remained fundamentally the same.
This essay represents an attempt to understand the constraints and opportunities imposed on these groups, dissertation red army faction. Millenarian groups are developing at a predicable rate, but they are no longer dying. If the current trend of greater survivability prevails, the world will likely see sustained waves of violence manifesting both concurrently and indefinitely. The potential damage of this likely scenario should not be underestimated.
Jesse Humpal is a Major in the U. Air Force currently assigned to Joint Special Operations Command. He recently successfully defended his dissertation at Northwestern University, earning his doctorate in Comparative Politics and International Relations.
His research interests focus on Terrorism, Failed States and Conflict. The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the U.
Army War College, the U. Army, the U.
German Terrorism -Red Army Faction - 1977
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