Sep 21, · Courtesy: National Geographic Environmental Conservation Material for UPSC. Although the environment or environment conservation syllabus for the UPSC Civil Services Mains exam is less, we still suggest our UPSC aspirants not to leave important topics on environment and environment conservation. Given below is a list of important topics and sub-topics on the The conservation movement, also known as nature conservation, is a political, environmental, and social movement that seeks to manage and protect natural resources, including animal, fungus, and plant species as well as their habitat for the blogger.comvationists are concerned with leaving the environment in a better state than the condition they found it in. Evidence-based conservation Forest is the most important natural resource which helps in economic development. Forest provides paper, furniture, timber, medicine, gum, etc. Also, it maintains a balance in the ecosystem. Moreover, it prevents soil erosion and protects wildlife. Land resources support natural vegetation, wildlife, transport
Environmental Conservation: Definition, Importance, UPSC - Leverage Edu
The conservation movementconservation of forest essay, also known as nature conservationis a political, environmental, and social movement that seeks to manage and protect natural resourcesconservation of forest essay, including animal, fungus, and plant species as well as their habitat for the future. Conservationists are concerned with leaving the environment in a better state than the condition they found it in.
The early conservation movement evolved out of necessity to maintain natural resources such as fisheriesconservation of forest essay managementwatersoilas well as conservation and sustainable forestry.
The contemporary conservation movement has broadened from the early movement's emphasis on use of sustainable yield of natural resources and preservation of wilderness areas to include preservation of biodiversity. Some say the conservation movement is part of the broader and more far-reaching environmental movementwhile others argue that they differ both in ideology and practice. Chiefly in the United States, conservation of forest essay, conservation is seen as differing from environmentalism and it is generally a conservative school of thought which aims conservation of forest essay preserve natural resources expressly for their continued sustainable use by humans, conservation of forest essay.
The conservation movement can be traced back to John Evelyn 's work Sylvapresented as a paper to the Royal Society in Published as a book two years later, it was one of the most highly influential texts on forestry ever published.
The field developed during the 18th century, conservation of forest essay, especially in Prussia and France where scientific forestry methods were developed. These methods were first applied rigorously in British India from the earlyth century.
The government was interested in the use of forest produce and began managing the forests with measures to reduce the risk of wildfire in order to protect the "household" of nature, as it was then termed. This early ecological idea was in order to preserve the growth of delicate teak trees, which was an important resource for the Royal Navy, conservation of forest essay.
Concerns over teak depletion were raised as early as and when the Navy was undergoing a massive expansion during the Napoleonic Wars ; this pressure led to the first formal conservation Act, which prohibited the felling of small teak trees. The first forestry officer was appointed in to regulate and preserve the trees necessary for shipbuilding.
Conservation was revived in the midth century, with the first practical application of scientific conservation principles to the forests of India. The conservation ethic that began to evolve included three core principles: that human activity damaged the environmentthat there was a civic duty to maintain the environment for future generations, and that scientific, conservation of forest essay, empirically based methods should be applied to ensure this duty was carried out.
Sir Conservation of forest essay Ranald Martin was prominent in promoting this ideology, publishing many medico-topographical reports that demonstrated the scale of damage wrought through large-scale deforestation and desiccation, and lobbying extensively for the institutionalization of forest conservation activities in British India through the establishment of Forest Departments.
The Madras Board of Revenue started local conservation efforts inconservation of forest essay, headed by Alexander Gibsona professional botanist who systematically adopted a forest conservation program based on scientific principles. This was the first case of state management of forests in the world. These local attempts gradually received more attention by the British government as the unregulated felling of trees continued unabated.
Inconservation of forest essay, the British Association in Edinburgh formed a committee to study forest destruction at the behest of Dr.
Hugh Cleghorn a pioneer in the nascent conservation movement. He had become interested in forest conservation in Mysore in and gave several lectures at the Association on the failure of agriculture in India. These lectures influenced the government under Governor-General Lord Dalhousie to introduce the first permanent and large-scale forest conservation program in the world ina model that soon spread to other coloniesas well the United States.
In the same year, Cleghorn organised the Madras Forest Department and in the Department banned the use shifting cultivation. Sir Dietrich Brandisa German forester, joined the British service in as superintendent of the teak forests of Pegu division in eastern Burma. During that time Burma's teak forests were controlled by militant Karen tribals. He introduced the "taungya" system, [10] in which Karen villagers provided labor for clearing, planting and weeding teak plantations, conservation of forest essay.
After seven years in Burma, Brandis was appointed Inspector General of Forests in India, a position he served in for 20 years. He formulated new forest legislation and helped establish research and training institutions. The Imperial Forest School at Dehradun was founded by him. Germans were prominent in the forestry administration of British India. As conservation of forest essay as Brandis, Berthold Ribbentrop and Sir William P.
Schlich brought new methods to Indian conservation, the latter becoming the Inspector-General in after Brandis stepped down. Schlich helped to establish the journal Indian Forester inand became the founding director of the first forestry school in England at Cooper's Hill in The American movement received its inspiration from 19th century works that exalted the inherent value of nature, quite apart from human usage.
Author Henry David Thoreau made key philosophical contributions that exalted nature. Thoreau was interested in peoples' relationship with nature and studied this by living close to nature in a simple life. He published his experiences in the book Waldenwhich argued that people should become intimately close with nature. The ideas of Sir BrandisSir William P. Schlich and Carl A. Schenck were also very influential - Gifford Pinchotthe first chief of the USDA Forest Servicerelied heavily upon Brandis' advice for introducing professional forest management in the Conservation of forest essay. and on how to structure the Forest Service.
Both conservationists and preservationists appeared in political debates during the Progressive Era the s—early s. There were three main positions. The debate between conservation and preservation reached its peak in the public debates over the construction of California's Hetch Hetchy dam in Yosemite National Park which supplies the water supply of San Francisco.
Muir, leading the Sierra Clubdeclared that the valley must be preserved for the sake of its beauty: "No holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man. President Roosevelt put conservationist issues high on the national agenda. He encouraged the Newlands Reclamation Act of to promote federal construction of dams to irrigate small farms and placed million acresmi 2 orkm 2 under federal conservation of forest essay. Roosevelt set aside more federal land for national parks and nature preserves than all of his predecessors combined.
Roosevelt established the United States Forest Servicesigned into law the creation of five national parksand signed the year Antiquities Actunder which he proclaimed 18 new national monuments. He also established the first 51 bird reservesfour game preservesand national forestsincluding Shoshone National Forestthe nation's first. The area of the United States that he placed under public protection totals approximately , acreskm 2, conservation of forest essay.
Gifford Pinchot had been appointed by McKinley as chief of Division of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture. Inhis department gained control of the national forest reserves. Pinchot promoted private use for a fee under federal supervision. InRoosevelt designated 16 million acres 65, km 2 of new national forests just minutes before a deadline. In MayRoosevelt sponsored the Conference of Governors held in the White House, with a focus on natural resources and their most efficient use.
Roosevelt delivered the opening address: "Conservation as a National Duty". In Roosevelt toured the Yosemite Valley with John Muirwho had a very different view of conservation, and tried to minimize commercial use of water resources and forests, conservation of forest essay. Working through the Sierra Club he founded, Muir succeeded in in having Congress transfer the Mariposa Grove and Yosemite Valley to the federal government, conservation of forest essay.
Theodore Roosevelt's view on conservationism remained dominant for decades; - Franklin D. Roosevelt authorised the building of many large-scale dams and water projects, as well as the expansion of the National Forest System to buy out sub-marginal farms. Inthe Pittman—Robertson Federal Conservation of forest essay in Wildlife Restoration Act was signed into law, providing funding for state agencies to carry out their conservation efforts.
Environmental reemerged on the national agenda inwith Republican Richard Nixon playing a major role, especially with his creation of the Environmental Protection Agency. The debates over the public lands and environmental politics played a supporting role in the decline of liberalism and the rise of modern environmentalism.
Although Americans consistently rank environmental issues as "important", polling data indicates that in the voting booth voters rank the environmental issues low relative to other political concerns. The growth of the Republican party's political power in the inland West apart from the Pacific coast was facilitated by the rise of popular opposition to public lands reform. Successful Democrats in the inland West and Alaska typically take more conservation of forest essay positions on environmental issues than Democrats from the Coastal states.
Conservatives drew on new organizational networks of think tanks, industry groups, conservation of forest essay, and citizen-oriented organizations, and they began to deploy new strategies that affirmed the rights of individuals to their property, protection of extraction rights, conservation of forest essay, to hunt and recreate, and to pursue happiness unencumbered by the federal government at the expense of resource conservation, conservation of forest essay.
Although the conservation movement developed in Europe in the 18th century, Costa Rica as a country has been heralded its champion in the current times.
A widely accepted theory for the origin of this unusual density of species is the free mixing of species from both North and South America occurring on this "inter-oceanic" and "inter-continental" landscape. Costa Rica has made conservation a national priority, and has been at the forefront of preserving its natural environment with over a quarter of its land designated as protected in some form, which is under the administrative control of SINAC National System of Conservation Areas [27] a division of MINAE Ministry of Environment, Energy and Telecommunications.
SINAC has subdivided the country into various zones depending on the ecological diversity of that region - these zones are depicted in figure 1. The country has used this ecological diversity to its economic advantage in the form of a thriving ecotourism industryputting its commitment to nature, on display to visitors from across the globe.
It is estimated that a record conservation of forest essay. This tourism is facilitated by the fact that Costa Rica has a stable democracy and has a human development index of 0. Critics have pointed out however, that in achieving this milestone, the country has built several dams providing the bulk of its electricity some of which have negatively impacted indigenous communities as well as the local flora and fauna.
Therefore, up until the 18th century, there was very little agricultural development in the region. It also lacked gold and other minerals that Christopher Columbus had hoped to find in these areas hence the name, Rich Coast. As a result, the forest cover of Costa Rica was left more or less intact by the European settlement in the Americas. By the midth century, it was observed that the Costa Rican soil was particularly conducive to the growth of coffee.
The global demand conservation of forest essay coffee was growing rapidly, conservation of forest essay, fueled by the demand from the working class in the industrializing west. The agricultural model adopted by coffee growers in Costa Rica was of small family owned farms known as cafeteras, and they strove to be responsible stewards of the land. This approach was in stark contrast to the coffee monoculture that would've developed by adopting a purely capitalistic ideology.
As a result, even though the coffee production increased substantially from tothere wasn't large scale deforestation in Costa Rica until the s, contrary to popular belief. Some of the key points often overlooked in Costa Rica's conservation history between and according to Evans, are as follows:. President Bernardo Soto's government in began the process of attracting scholars from all over the world, conservation of forest essay, particularly Switzerland and Germany in an effort to educate the locals about agricultural practices harmonious with the environment such that byCosta Rica became a leading scientific research center in tropical America.
The establishment of the University of Costa Rica UCR in the s was a landmark event, since the university acted as a springboard for research into tropical studies in Central America. At conservation of forest essay helm of UCR conservation of forest essay many influential academics such as Rafael Lucas Rodríguez conservation of forest essay Alexander Skutch whose forward thinking publications served as a foundation for the future policy decisions.
Skutch noted, [26]. Its population of less than a half a million people. was concentrated in the narrow Meseta Central. Other advantages. to the naturalist were its political stability and the friendliness of its people, conservation of forest essay. Costa Rica has a record of continuous, orderly constitutional government that scarcely any other country in Latin America can match. Thus the naturalist working in some remote spot was not likely to have his studies suddenly interrupted or his thin lines of communication cut by a violent upheaval, as has happened to many in Latin America.
ByCosta Rica became heavily reliant on coffee exports to Europe and the US. Around the same time, it was battling the dilemma between increasing agricultural output on one hand and protecting natural resources for future use on the other.
Essay on Forest
, time: 11:29Conservation movement - Wikipedia
Water conservation includes all the policies, strategies and activities to sustainably manage the natural resource of fresh water, to protect the hydrosphere, and to meet the current and future human demand (thus avoiding water scarcity).Population, household size and growth and affluence all affect how much water is used. Factors such as climate change have increased pressures on natural 1 day ago · Essay on war of what should be in the introduction of a persuasive essay, conversational essay topics self reliance india essay, formula one case study, medical image processing research papers synthesis definition essay le verbe essayer tous les temps Hindi water on conservation essay topics for research paper in finance essay examples 1 day ago · Essay on smartphones in telugu writing essay Forest english in how long does it take to write a 6 page essay, opinion essay about nurture cap chief essay jmu supplemental essays. Previous Next Wildlife Conservation Organization dedicated to create global awareness about the plight of the world's wildlife and diversity
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